Which criminological theory emphasizes that individuals are fully responsible for their criminal actions?

The correct answer is Classical Theory, which emphasizes that individuals have free will and are fully responsible for their criminal actions. This theory is rooted in the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers such as Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham, who argued that people weigh the potential benefits and consequences of their actions. According to Classical Theory, when individuals choose to engage in criminal behavior, they do so with the understanding that it is wrong and that they will face punishment if caught. This concept highlights the importance of rational choice in decision-making, suggesting that effective deterrence is possible through appropriate legal consequences.

The other theories mentioned focus more on external factors influencing behavior. Positivist Theory, for instance, suggests that criminal behavior is determined by external influences such as biology or social environment, downplaying individual accountability. Psychological Theory tends to explore the mental processes and behaviors that lead to criminality, often attributing actions to internal psychological conditions rather than voluntary choice. Biological Theory examines genetic and physiological factors that may predispose individuals to crime, implying that not all aspects of behavior are a result of conscious choice.