Which system is considered the forerunner of Penology due to its focus on parole and social casework?

The Elmira Reformatory is recognized as the forerunner of penology primarily because it introduced significant innovations in the treatment of offenders, particularly with its emphasis on parole and social casework. Established in the late 19th century, the Elmira Reformatory was designed to rehabilitate rather than simply punish offenders, focusing on the individual needs and circumstances of each inmate.

One of the key features of the Elmira model was its use of a graded system of rehabilitation that incorporated educational and vocational training, all while aiming to prepare inmates for reintegration into society. The inclusion of parole as a structured release mechanism marked a shift in correctional philosophy, highlighting the belief that offenders could be rehabilitated and reintegrated into society rather than being confined indefinitely.

The focus on social casework at Elmira meant that staff members not only supervised the inmates but also addressed their personal and social issues, which was a departure from earlier systems that tended to focus solely on confinement and labor. This progressive approach paved the way for modern corrections and the understanding that social and psychological factors play a crucial role in criminal behavior.

As a result, the Elmira Reformatory's methodologies had a lasting impact on the evolution of penology and set the groundwork for