Which theory in crime causation focuses on criminal disorders, chromosome irregularity, and abnormal brain activity?

The theory that focuses on biological and psychological aspects of crime causation, such as criminal disorders, chromosome irregularity, and abnormal brain activity, is rooted within the biological perspective of criminology, often referred to as biological determinism. This perspective argues that individuals may have predispositions towards criminal behavior due to physiological factors.

The choice indicating "None of these" captures the essence of this question because the other options—age reform, age of discernment, and age of reason—primarily deal with social or philosophical frameworks that explain criminal behavior in terms of mental maturity or legal accountability, rather than biological attributes.

This highlights the fact that the theories in that list do not adequately address the biological elements associated with crime causation, such as genetic factors or neurological conditions, which are crucially examined in more modern biological theories of crime. These biological theories seek to understand how physical or genetic makeup can influence an individual’s propensity for criminal behavior.